An Overview of the Evolution of Physical Strategies—from Vernacular Architecture to Modern Technologies—for Optimizing Energy Performance in Hot and Arid Climates

Mohammad Dehghani¹ Mahsa Moammeri ghoroot khar²

1) PhD Student in Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran
2) Undergraduate Student of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran

IOI Code : ABEB-ACABDB
Publication : 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering, Innovation and Technology - Belgium(eitconf.com)
Abstract :
    Architecture in hot and arid climates has consistently faced significant challenges, such as intense solar radiation, high ambient temperatures, and substantial diurnal temperature fluctuations. These harsh climatic conditions complicate the provision of thermal comfort for occupants and lead to a marked increase in the consumption of fossil-fuel-based energy for heating and cooling buildings. In this context, the design of the building envelope and the implementation of appropriate physical (architectural/structural) strategies play a vital role in managing heat transfer and optimizing energy performance. Accordingly, the central question of this research is: how have these physical strategies evolved over time, and what role have they played in reducing energy consumption? This study aims to examine the evolution of such strategies—ranging from indigenous patterns to modern technologies—within the context of architecture in hot and arid regions. The research employs an analytical review methodology, drawing upon existing literature and credible academic sources. Initially, indigenous patterns—such as the use of high-thermal-mass materials (adobe and mud), domed roofs, central courtyards, and windcatchers—are analyzed as passive mechanisms. Subsequently, contemporary technologies are examined, including louvered envelopes (featuring adjustable blades for radiation control) and double-skin facades (serving as dynamic thermal insulation systems). The findings and synthesis of the discussion indicate that modern technologies represent an evolutionary effort to reinstate the climatic functions of indigenous patterns—utilizing contemporary architectural language and materials. The evolution of physical design strategies in this climate does not constitute a historical rupture; rather, it is a continuous process aimed at responding more intelligently to environmental constraints. Consequently, it is recommended that future research in the field of sustainable architecture focus on the more precise simulation of thermal behavior, the integration of smart, adaptive building envelopes with indigenous design principles, and the life-cycle assessment of materials within this specific climate. Such efforts would constitute a more effective step toward reducing energy consumption and enhancing thermal comfort.

Keywords : climate hot and arid vernacular built form energy modern technologies